
Dr. Westmark’s basic and translational science research laboratory studies pharmaceutical and dietary interventions for the treatment of fragile X syndrome, autism and Alzheimer’s disease with a focus on the synaptic function of amyloid beta protein precursor (APP) and amyloid-beta. She employs mouse models of neurological disorders and human survey data to correlate promising treatments with improved behavioral (seizure, cognitive, hyperactivity/sleep) and biomarker data.
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1. Defining a Proteomic Signature for Soy-Induced Metabolic Changes in Mice Project Description: Our long-term goal is to implement a dietary intervention (restriction of soy-based infant formula in vulnerable populations) to reduce the incidence of childhood autism and obesity. The overall objective of this grant application is to identify nutritional biomarkers that are correlated with the consumption of a soy protein and obesity. The central hypothesis driving this proposal is that specific metabolic and proteomic biomarkers that are responsive to high dietary consumption of soy protein can be identified. Our hypothesis developed from our FRAXA Research Foundation-funded work (2008-2010) to evaluate the efficacy of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist fenobam in mice. During the course of this work, we incorporated fenobam into a purified ingredient diet (casein-protein based) to ensure reproducibility in the formulation. Surprisingly, we discovered that the placebo purified diet significantly reduced seizure incidence and weight gain in juvenile mice in comparison to mice maintained on a standard rodent chow (Purina 5015, soy-based). The human correlate of juvenile mice fed a single-source, soy-based rodent chow is infants fed soy-based formula. Subsequent medical record and survey analyses suggest that consumption of soy-based infant formula could be contributing to the autism and obesity epidemics. This project is a collaborative effort with Dr. Lingjun Li in the School of Pharmacy to identify and validate nutritional biomarkers associated with soy protein by mass spectrometry. Pamela Westmark: Pam is an Associate Scientist at the UW-Madison with extensive experience in rodent behavior, molecular biology and microscopy. She joined the laboratory in the Summer of 2018 and has spearheaded the use of sleep EEG and DEXA methodologies in the laboratory. She works closely with the students to ensure scientific rigor and reproducibility in the experiments. Alejandra (Lexi) Gutierrez: Greg Lyon: Brynne Boeck:
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2. Testing Novel Drugs in Fmr1KO Mice Project Description: Fragile X syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by intellectual disability and a high seizure rate. Our research examines pharmaceutical and dietary approaches that reduce seizures in fragile X syndrome. The audiogenic seizure testing we perform is a routine test to assess seizure threshold, but there are only a handful of academic laboratories that are skilled in the methodology. The testing is beneficial to the pharmaceutical industry because positive results promote repurposing of their drugs to treat rare disorders. The testing is beneficial to families with Fragile X in that results provide preclinical efficacy data for novel treatments and identify candidate compounds to move on to clinical trials. This study is a continuation of a multi-part project intended to examine the efficacy of novel Angelini Pharma compounds in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (Fmr1KO mice). This phase of the project will test new Angelini Pharma compound(s) in Fmr1KO mice in comparison to controls in the audiogenic seizure assay. Pamela Westmark:
Nathan Ripp: |
3. Preclinical Testing of High Fat / Low Carb Diets in Fragile X Mice and Cells Project Description: The ketogenic diet is highly effective at attenuating seizures in refractory epilepsy, and accumulating evidence in the literature suggests that it may be beneficial in treating autism. To our knowledge, no one has studied ketogenic, Atkins or other high fat/low carbohydrate diets in any model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). We tested the effects of chronic ketogenic diet treatment on seizures, body weight, ketone and glucose levels, diurnal activity levels, learning and memory, and anxiety behaviors in Fmr1KO and littermate control mice as a function of age (Westmark et al, 2020). The ketogenic diet selectively attenuates seizures in male but not female Fmr1KO mice and differentially affects weight gain and diurnal activity levels dependent on Fmr1 genotype, sex and age. Our FRAXA Fellowship grant will test less stringent high fat/low carbohydrate diets. Specific Aims include: (1) screen dietary percent fat and carbohydrate content for efficacy in attenuating audiogenic-induced seizures (AGS) in Fmr1KO mice; (2) test high fat/low carbohydrate diets on circadian activity levels in Fmr1KO mice; and (3) develop a cell culture model to screen the effects of diet on neuronal cells, for example, testing the effects of varied dietary components including ketones and ketogenic amino acids on mouse primary Fmr1KO neuronal cell phenotypes (viability, growth, mitochondrial function). Alejandra (Lexi) Gutierrez): |
4. Repurposing Fragile X Drugs for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2Project Description: Critical problems related to emerging viruses are the identification of safe, efficacious drugs for treatment and understanding the underlying molecular mechanism(s) that control viral reproduction. We hypothesize that drugs under study for fragile X syndrome (FXS) that inhibit protein synthesis, i.e. mGluR5 inhibitors, may be a viable therapeutic strategy to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 replication and reduce the severity of COVID-19. |
Consumption of Breast Milk Is Associated with Decreased Prevalence of Autism in Fragile X Syndrome Westmark CJ. Nutrients. 2021 May 24;13(6):1785. doi: 10.3390/nu13061785. See full publication information |
Parental Reports on Early Autism Behaviors in Their Children with Fragile X Syndrome as a Function of Infant Feeding Westmark CJ. Nutrients. 2021 Aug 22;13(8):2888. doi: 10.3390/nu13082888. See full publication information |
How autism and Alzheimer's disease are TrAPPed Lahiri DK, Maloney B, Wang R, Sokol DK, Rogers JT, Westmark CJ. Mol Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;26(1):26-29. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00928-8. Epub 2020 Nov 12. See full publication information |
Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy Westmark CJ. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 12;13(3):917. doi: 10.3390/nu13030917. See full publication information |
A Simple, Reliable and Inexpensive Method to Individually Identify Neonate Mice Westmark PR, Gutierrez A, Westmark CJ. Lab Animal Sci Prof. 2021 Jan-Feb;9(1):46-48. See full publication information |
FMRP Regulates the Nuclear Export of Adam9 and Psen1 mRNAs: Secondary Analysis of an N(6)-Methyladenosine Dataset Westmark CJ, Maloney B, Alisch RS, Sokol DK, Lahiri DK. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 1;10(1):10781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66394-y. See full publication information |
Folic Acid Fortification and Neural Tube Defect Risk: Analysis of the Food Fortification Initiative Dataset Murphy ME, Westmark CJ. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 18;12(1):247. doi: 10.3390/nu12010247. See full publication information |
Preclinical testing of the ketogenic diet in fragile X mice Westmark PR, Gutierrez A, Gholston AK, Wilmer TM, Westmark CJ. Neurochem Int. 2020 Mar;134:104687. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104687. Epub 2020 Jan 17. See full publication information |
Reply to "The Fallacy of Using Administrative Data in Assessing the Effectiveness of Food Fortification. Comment on: Folic Acid Fortification and Neural Tube Defect Risk: Analysis of the Food Fortification Initiative Dataset. Nutrients 2020, 12, 247 Westmark CJ, Murphy ME. Nutrients. 2020 May 8;12(5):1335. doi: 10.3390/nu12051335. See full publication information |
Soy-Based Infant Formula is Associated with an Increased Prevalence of Comorbidities in Fragile X Syndrome Westmark CJ, Kniss C, Sampene E, Wang A, Milunovich A, Elver K, Hessl D, Talboy A, Picker J, Haas-Givler B, Esler A, Gropman AL, Uy R, Erickson C, Velinov M, Tartaglia N, Berry-Kravis EM. Nutrients. 2020 Oct 14;12(10):3136. doi: 10.3390/nu12103136. See full publication information |
Defining a Proteomic Signature for Soy-Induced Metabolic Changes in Mice Sponsor: USDA, NATL INSTITUTE FOOD & AGRICULTURE Award: 2018-67001-28266 PI: WESTMARK, CARA J 7/15/2018 - 7/14/2023 |
Testing of Their Novel Drugs in Fmr1KO Models(FXS) Sponsor: NEURODETECTIVE INTERNATIONAL Award: PI: WESTMARK, CARA J 11/1/2018 - 10/31/2021 |
Preclinical Testing of High Fat / Low Carb Diets in Fragile X Mice and Cells Sponsor: FRAXA RESEARCH FOUNDATION Award: PI: WESTMARK, CARA J 5/1/2021 - 4/30/2022 |
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